Authenticate with Firebase Using Email Link in Android

You can use Firebase Authentication to sign in a user by sending them an email containing a link, which they can click to sign in. In the process, the user's email address is also verified.

There are numerous benefits to signing in by email:

  • Low friction sign-up and sign-in.
  • Lower risk of password reuse across applications, which can undermine security of even well-selected passwords.
  • The ability to authenticate a user while also verifying that the user is the legitimate owner of an email address.
  • A user only needs an accessible email account to sign in. No ownership of a phone number or social media account is required.
  • A user can sign in securely without the need to provide (or remember) a password, which can be cumbersome on a mobile device.
  • An existing user who previously signed in with an email identifier (password or federated) can be upgraded to sign in with just the email. For example, a user who has forgotten their password can still sign in without needing to reset their password.

Before you begin

Set up your Android project

  1. If you haven't already, add Firebase to your Android project.

  2. In your module (app-level) Gradle file (usually <project>/<app-module>/build.gradle.kts or <project>/<app-module>/build.gradle), add the dependency for the Firebase Authentication library for Android. We recommend using the Firebase Android BoM to control library versioning.

    Also, as part of setting up Firebase Authentication, you need to add the Google Play services SDK to your app.

    dependencies {
    // Import the BoM for the Firebase platform
    implementation(platform("com.google.firebase:firebase-bom:33.7.0"))

    // Add the dependency for the Firebase Authentication library
    // When using the BoM, you don't specify versions in Firebase library dependencies
    implementation("com.google.firebase:firebase-auth")
    
    // Also add the dependency for the Google Play services library and specify its version
    implementation("com.google.android.gms:play-services-auth:21.3.0")    
}

    By using the Firebase Android BoM, your app will always use compatible versions of Firebase Android libraries.

    (Alternative)  Add Firebase library dependencies without using the BoM

    If you choose not to use the Firebase BoM, you must specify each Firebase library version in its dependency line.

    Note that if you use multiple Firebase libraries in your app, we strongly recommend using the BoM to manage library versions, which ensures that all versions are compatible. 

    dependencies {
    // Add the dependency for the Firebase Authentication library
    // When NOT using the BoM, you must specify versions in Firebase library dependencies
    implementation("com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:23.1.0")
    
    // Also add the dependency for the Google Play services library and specify its version
    implementation("com.google.android.gms:play-services-auth:21.3.0")    
}
         Looking for a Kotlin-specific library module? Starting in October 2023 (Firebase BoM 32.5.0), both Kotlin and Java developers can depend on the main library module (for details, see the FAQ about this initiative).

To sign in users by email link, you must first enable the Email provider and Email link sign-in method for your Firebase project:

  1. In the Firebase console, open the Auth section.
  2. On the Sign in method tab, enable the Email/Password provider. Note that email/password sign-in must be enabled to use email link sign-in.
  3. In the same section, enable Email link (passwordless sign-in) sign-in method.
  4. Click Save.

To initiate the authentication flow, present the user with an interface that prompts the user to provide their email address and then call sendSignInLinkToEmail to request that Firebase send the authentication link to the user's email.

  1. Construct the ActionCodeSettings object, which provides Firebase with instructions on how to construct the email link. Set the following fields:

    • url: The deep link to embed and any additional state to be passed along. The link's domain has to be whitelisted in the Firebase Console list of authorized domains, which can be found by going to the Sign-in method tab (Authentication -> Sign-in method). The link will redirect the user to this URL if the app is not installed on their device and the app was not able to be installed.
    • androidPackageName and IOSBundleId: The apps to use when the sign-in link is opened on an Android or Apple device. Learn more on how to configure Firebase Dynamic Links to open email action links via mobile apps.
    • handleCodeInApp: Set to true. The sign-in operation has to always be completed in the app unlike other out of band email actions (password reset and email verifications). This is because, at the end of the flow, the user is expected to be signed in and their Auth state persisted within the app.
    • dynamicLinkDomain: When multiple custom dynamic link domains are defined for a project, specify which one to use when the link is to be opened via a specified mobile app (for example, example.page.link). Otherwise the first domain is automatically selected.

    Kotlin

    val actionCodeSettings = actionCodeSettings {
    // URL you want to redirect back to. The domain (www.example.com) for this
    // URL must be whitelisted in the Firebase Console.
    url = "https://www.example.com/finishSignUp?cartId=1234"
    // This must be true
    handleCodeInApp = true
    setIOSBundleId("com.example.ios")
    setAndroidPackageName(
        "com.example.android",
        true, // installIfNotAvailable
        "12", // minimumVersion
    )
}
    MainActivity.kt

    Java

    ActionCodeSettings actionCodeSettings =
        ActionCodeSettings.newBuilder()
                // URL you want to redirect back to. The domain (www.example.com) for this
                // URL must be whitelisted in the Firebase Console.
                .setUrl("https://www.example.com/finishSignUp?cartId=1234")
                // This must be true
                .setHandleCodeInApp(true)
                .setIOSBundleId("com.example.ios")
                .setAndroidPackageName(
                        "com.example.android",
                        true, /* installIfNotAvailable */
                        "12"    /* minimumVersion */)
                .build();
    MainActivity.java

    To learn more on ActionCodeSettings, refer to the Passing State in Email Actions section.

  2. Ask the user for their email.

  3. Send the authentication link to the user's email, and save the user's email in case the user completes the email sign-in on the same device.

    Kotlin

    Firebase.auth.sendSignInLinkToEmail(email, actionCodeSettings)
    .addOnCompleteListener { task ->
        if (task.isSuccessful) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Email sent.")
        }
    }
    MainActivity.kt

    Java

    FirebaseAuth auth = FirebaseAuth.getInstance();
auth.sendSignInLinkToEmail(email, actionCodeSettings)
        .addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<Void>() {
            @Override
            public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<Void> task) {
                if (task.isSuccessful()) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Email sent.");
                }
            }
        });
    MainActivity.java

Security concerns

To prevent a sign-in link from being used to sign in as an unintended user or on an unintended device, Firebase Auth requires the user's email address to be provided when completing the sign-in flow. For sign-in to succeed, this email address must match the address to which the sign-in link was originally sent.

You can streamline this flow for users who open the sign-in link on the same device they request the link, by storing their email address locally - for instance using SharedPreferences - when you send the sign-in email. Then, use this address to complete the flow. Do not pass the user’s email in the redirect URL parameters and re-use it as this may enable session injections.

After sign-in completion, any previous unverified mechanism of sign-in will be removed from the user and any existing sessions will be invalidated. For example, if someone previously created an unverified account with the same email and password, the user’s password will be removed to prevent the impersonator who claimed ownership and created that unverified account from signing in again with the unverified email and password.

Also make sure you use an HTTPS URL in production to avoid your link being potentially intercepted by intermediary servers.

Completing sign-in in an Android App

Firebase Authentication uses Firebase Dynamic Links to send the email link to a mobile device. For sign-in completion via mobile application, the application has to be configured to detect the incoming application link, parse the underlying deep link and then complete the sign-in.

Firebase Auth uses Firebase Dynamic Links when sending a link that is meant to be opened in a mobile application. In order to use this feature, Dynamic Links must be configured in the Firebase Console.

  1. Enable Firebase Dynamic Links:

    1. In the Firebase console, open the Dynamic Links section.

    2. If you have not yet accepted the Dynamic Links terms and created a Dynamic Links domain, do so now.

      If you already created a Dynamic Links domain, take note of it. A Dynamic Links domain typically looks like the following example:

      example.page.link

      You will need this value when you configure your Apple or Android app to intercept the incoming link.

  2. Configuring Android applications:

    1. In order to handle these links from your Android application, the Android package name needs to be specified in the Firebase Console project settings. In addition, the SHA-1 and SHA-256 of the application certificate need to be provided.
    2. Now that you have added a dynamic link domain and ensured that your Android app is configured correctly, the dynamic link will redirect to your application, starting from the launcher activity.
    3. If you want the dynamic link to redirect to a specific activity, you will need to configure an intent filter in your AndroidManifest.xml file. This can be done by either specifying your dynamic link domain or the email action handler in the intent filter. By default, the email action handler is hosted on a domain like the following example: 
      PROJECT_ID.firebaseapp.com/
    4. Caveats:
      1. Do not specify the URL you set on the actionCodeSettings in your intent filter.
      2. When creating your dynamic link domain you may have also created a short URL link. This short URL will not be passed; do not configure your intent filter to catch it with an android:pathPrefix attribute. This means that you will not be able to catch different dynamic links in different parts of your application. However, you can check the mode query parameter in the link to see what operation is attempting to be performed, or use SDK methods such as isSignInWithEmailLink to see if a link that your app has received does what you want.
    5. For more on receiving dynamic links, refer to Receiving Android Dynamic Links instructions.

After you receive the link as described above, verify that it is meant for email link authentication and complete the sign in.

Kotlin

val auth = Firebase.auth
val intent = intent
val emailLink = intent.data.toString()

// Confirm the link is a sign-in with email link.
if (auth.isSignInWithEmailLink(emailLink)) {
    // Retrieve this from wherever you stored it
    val email = "someemail@domain.com"

    // The client SDK will parse the code from the link for you.
    auth.signInWithEmailLink(email, emailLink)
        .addOnCompleteListener { task ->
            if (task.isSuccessful) {
                Log.d(TAG, "Successfully signed in with email link!")
                val result = task.result
                // You can access the new user via result.getUser()
                // Additional user info profile *not* available via:
                // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().getProfile() == null
                // You can check if the user is new or existing:
                // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().isNewUser()
            } else {
                Log.e(TAG, "Error signing in with email link", task.exception)
            }
        }
}
MainActivity.kt

Java

FirebaseAuth auth = FirebaseAuth.getInstance();
Intent intent = getIntent();
String emailLink = intent.getData().toString();

// Confirm the link is a sign-in with email link.
if (auth.isSignInWithEmailLink(emailLink)) {
    // Retrieve this from wherever you stored it
    String email = "someemail@domain.com";

    // The client SDK will parse the code from the link for you.
    auth.signInWithEmailLink(email, emailLink)
            .addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>() {
                @Override
                public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task) {
                    if (task.isSuccessful()) {
                        Log.d(TAG, "Successfully signed in with email link!");
                        AuthResult result = task.getResult();
                        // You can access the new user via result.getUser()
                        // Additional user info profile *not* available via:
                        // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().getProfile() == null
                        // You can check if the user is new or existing:
                        // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().isNewUser()
                    } else {
                        Log.e(TAG, "Error signing in with email link", task.getException());
                    }
                }
            });
}
MainActivity.java

To learn more on how to handle sign-in with email link in an Apple application, refer to the Apple platforms guide.

To learn about how to handle sign-in with email link in a web application, refer to the Web guide.

You can also link this method of authentication to an existing user. For example a user previously authenticated with another provider, such as a phone number, can add this method of sign-in to their existing account.

The difference would be in the second half of the operation:

Kotlin

// Construct the email link credential from the current URL.
val credential = EmailAuthProvider.getCredentialWithLink(email, emailLink)

// Link the credential to the current user.
Firebase.auth.currentUser!!.linkWithCredential(credential)
    .addOnCompleteListener { task ->
        if (task.isSuccessful) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Successfully linked emailLink credential!")
            val result = task.result
            // You can access the new user via result.getUser()
            // Additional user info profile *not* available via:
            // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().getProfile() == null
            // You can check if the user is new or existing:
            // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().isNewUser()
        } else {
            Log.e(TAG, "Error linking emailLink credential", task.exception)
        }
    }
MainActivity.kt

Java

// Construct the email link credential from the current URL.
AuthCredential credential =
        EmailAuthProvider.getCredentialWithLink(email, emailLink);

// Link the credential to the current user.
auth.getCurrentUser().linkWithCredential(credential)
        .addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>() {
            @Override
            public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task) {
                if (task.isSuccessful()) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Successfully linked emailLink credential!");
                    AuthResult result = task.getResult();
                    // You can access the new user via result.getUser()
                    // Additional user info profile *not* available via:
                    // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().getProfile() == null
                    // You can check if the user is new or existing:
                    // result.getAdditionalUserInfo().isNewUser()
                } else {
                    Log.e(TAG, "Error linking emailLink credential", task.getException());
                }
            }
        });
MainActivity.java

This can also be used to re-authenticate an email link user before running a sensitive operation.

Kotlin

// Construct the email link credential from the current URL.
val credential = EmailAuthProvider.getCredentialWithLink(email, emailLink)

// Re-authenticate the user with this credential.
Firebase.auth.currentUser!!.reauthenticateAndRetrieveData(credential)
    .addOnCompleteListener { task ->
        if (task.isSuccessful) {
            // User is now successfully reauthenticated
        } else {
            Log.e(TAG, "Error reauthenticating", task.exception)
        }
    }
MainActivity.kt

Java

// Construct the email link credential from the current URL.
AuthCredential credential =
        EmailAuthProvider.getCredentialWithLink(email, emailLink);

// Re-authenticate the user with this credential.
auth.getCurrentUser().reauthenticateAndRetrieveData(credential)
        .addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<AuthResult>() {
            @Override
            public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<AuthResult> task) {
                if (task.isSuccessful()) {
                    // User is now successfully reauthenticated
                } else {
                    Log.e(TAG, "Error reauthenticating", task.getException());
                }
            }
        });
MainActivity.java

However, as the flow could end up on a different device where the original user was not logged in, this flow might not be completed. In that case, an error can be shown to the user to force them to open the link on the same device. Some state can be passed in the link to provide information on the type of operation and the user uid.

If you created your project on or after September 15, 2023, email enumeration protection is enabled by default. This feature improves the security of your project's user accounts, but it disables the fetchSignInMethodsForEmail() method, which we formerly recommended to implement identifier-first flows.

Although you can disable email enumeration protection for your project, we recommend against doing so.

See the documentation on email enumeration protection for more details.

Next steps

After a user signs in for the first time, a new user account is created and linked to the credentials—that is, the user name and password, phone number, or auth provider information—the user signed in with. This new account is stored as part of your Firebase project, and can be used to identify a user across every app in your project, regardless of how the user signs in.

  • In your apps, you can get the user's basic profile information from the FirebaseUser object. See Manage Users.

  • In your Firebase Realtime Database and Cloud Storage Security Rules, you can get the signed-in user's unique user ID from the auth variable, and use it to control what data a user can access.

You can allow users to sign in to your app using multiple authentication providers by linking auth provider credentials to an existing user account.

To sign out a user, call signOut:

Kotlin

Firebase.auth.signOut()
MainActivity.kt

Java

FirebaseAuth.getInstance().signOut();
MainActivity.java