Enabling Offline Capabilities on Android

Persistence Behavior

By enabling persistence, any data that the Firebase Realtime Database client would sync while online persists to disk and is available offline, even when the user or operating system restarts the app. This means your app works as it would online by using the local data stored in the cache. Listener callbacks will continue to fire for local updates.

The Firebase Realtime Database client automatically keeps a queue of all write operations that are performed while your app is offline. When persistence is enabled, this queue is also persisted to disk so all of your writes are available when the user or operating system restarts the app. When the app regains connectivity, all of the operations are sent to the Firebase Realtime Database server.

If your app uses Firebase Authentication, the Firebase Realtime Database client persists the user's authentication token across app restarts. If the auth token expires while your app is offline, the client pauses write operations until your app re-authenticates the user, otherwise the write operations might fail due to security rules.

Keeping Data Fresh

The Firebase Realtime Database synchronizes and stores a local copy of the data for active listeners. In addition, you can keep specific locations in sync.

val scoresRef = Firebase.database.getReference("scores")
scoresRef.keepSynced(true)
OfflineActivity.kt

DatabaseReference scoresRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference("scores");
scoresRef.keepSynced(true);
OfflineActivity.java

The Firebase Realtime Database client automatically downloads the data at these locations and keeps it in sync even if the reference has no active listeners. You can turn synchronization back off with the following line of code.

scoresRef.keepSynced(false)
OfflineActivity.kt

scoresRef.keepSynced(false);
OfflineActivity.java

By default, 10MB of previously synced data is cached. This should be enough for most applications. If the cache outgrows its configured size, the Firebase Realtime Database purges data that has been used least recently. Data that is kept in sync is not purged from the cache.

Querying Data Offline

The Firebase Realtime Database stores data returned from a query for use when offline. For queries constructed while offline, the Firebase Realtime Database continues to work for previously loaded data. If the requested data hasn't loaded, the Firebase Realtime Database loads data from the local cache. When network connectivity is available again, the data loads and will reflect the query.

For example, this code queries for the last four items in a Firebase Realtime Database of scores

val scoresRef = Firebase.database.getReference("scores")
scoresRef.orderByValue().limitToLast(4).addChildEventListener(object : ChildEventListener {
    override fun onChildAdded(snapshot: DataSnapshot, previousChild: String?) {
        Log.d(TAG, "The ${snapshot.key} dinosaur's score is ${snapshot.value}")
    }

    // ...
})
OfflineActivity.kt

DatabaseReference scoresRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference("scores");
scoresRef.orderByValue().limitToLast(4).addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {
    @Override
    public void onChildAdded(@NonNull DataSnapshot snapshot, String previousChild) {
        Log.d(TAG, "The " + snapshot.getKey() + " dinosaur's score is " + snapshot.getValue());
    }

    // ...
});
OfflineActivity.java

Assume that the user loses connection, goes offline, and restarts the app. While still offline, the app queries for the last two items from the same location. This query will successfully return the last two items because the app had loaded all four items in the query above.

scoresRef.orderByValue().limitToLast(2).addChildEventListener(object : ChildEventListener {
    override fun onChildAdded(snapshot: DataSnapshot, previousChild: String?) {
        Log.d(TAG, "The ${snapshot.key} dinosaur's score is ${snapshot.value}")
    }

    // ...
})
OfflineActivity.kt

scoresRef.orderByValue().limitToLast(2).addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {
    @Override
    public void onChildAdded(@NonNull DataSnapshot snapshot, String previousChild) {
        Log.d(TAG, "The " + snapshot.getKey() + " dinosaur's score is " + snapshot.getValue());
    }

    // ...
});
OfflineActivity.java

In the preceding example, the Firebase Realtime Database client raises 'child added' events for the highest scoring two dinosaurs, by using the persisted cache. But it will not raise a 'value' event, since the app has never executed that query while online.

If the app were to request the last six items while offline, it would get 'child added' events for the four cached items straight away. When the device comes back online, the Firebase Realtime Database client synchronizes with the server and gets the final two 'child added' and the 'value' events for the app.

Handling Transactions Offline

Any transactions that are performed while the app is offline, are queued. Once the app regains network connectivity, the transactions are sent to the Realtime Database server.

How onDisconnect Works

When you establish an onDisconnect() operation, the operation lives on the Firebase Realtime Database server. The server checks security to make sure the user can perform the write event requested, and informs the your app if it is invalid. The server then monitors the connection. If at any point the connection times out, or is actively closed by the Realtime Database client, the server checks security a second time (to make sure the operation is still valid) and then invokes the event.

Your app can use the callback on the write operation to ensure the onDisconnect was correctly attached:

presenceRef.onDisconnect().removeValue { error, reference ->
    error?.let {
        Log.d(TAG, "could not establish onDisconnect event: ${error.message}")
    }
}
OfflineActivity.kt

presenceRef.onDisconnect().removeValue(new DatabaseReference.CompletionListener() {
    @Override
    public void onComplete(DatabaseError error, @NonNull DatabaseReference reference) {
        if (error != null) {
            Log.d(TAG, "could not establish onDisconnect event:" + error.getMessage());
        }
    }
});
OfflineActivity.java

An onDisconnect event can also be canceled by calling .cancel():

val onDisconnectRef = presenceRef.onDisconnect()
onDisconnectRef.setValue("I disconnected")
// ...
// some time later when we change our minds
// ...
onDisconnectRef.cancel()
OfflineActivity.kt

OnDisconnect onDisconnectRef = presenceRef.onDisconnect();
onDisconnectRef.setValue("I disconnected");
// ...
// some time later when we change our minds
// ...
onDisconnectRef.cancel();
OfflineActivity.java

Server Timestamps

The Firebase Realtime Database servers provide a mechanism to insert timestamps generated on the server as data. This feature, combined with onDisconnect, provides an easy way to reliably make note of the time at which a Realtime Database client disconnected:

val userLastOnlineRef = Firebase.database.getReference("users/joe/lastOnline")
userLastOnlineRef.onDisconnect().setValue(ServerValue.TIMESTAMP)
OfflineActivity.kt

DatabaseReference userLastOnlineRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference("users/joe/lastOnline");
userLastOnlineRef.onDisconnect().setValue(ServerValue.TIMESTAMP);
OfflineActivity.java

Clock Skew

While firebase.database.ServerValue.TIMESTAMP is much more accurate, and preferable for most read/write operations, it can occasionally be useful to estimate the client's clock skew with respect to the Firebase Realtime Database's servers. You can attach a callback to the location /.info/serverTimeOffset to obtain the value, in milliseconds, that Firebase Realtime Database clients add to the local reported time (epoch time in milliseconds) to estimate the server time. Note that this offset's accuracy can be affected by networking latency, and so is useful primarily for discovering large (> 1 second) discrepancies in clock time.

val offsetRef = Firebase.database.getReference(".info/serverTimeOffset")
offsetRef.addValueEventListener(object : ValueEventListener {
    override fun onDataChange(snapshot: DataSnapshot) {
        val offset = snapshot.getValue(Double::class.java) ?: 0.0
        val estimatedServerTimeMs = System.currentTimeMillis() + offset
    }

    override fun onCancelled(error: DatabaseError) {
        Log.w(TAG, "Listener was cancelled")
    }
})
OfflineActivity.kt

DatabaseReference offsetRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(".info/serverTimeOffset");
offsetRef.addValueEventListener(new ValueEventListener() {
    @Override
    public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot snapshot) {
        double offset = snapshot.getValue(Double.class);
        double estimatedServerTimeMs = System.currentTimeMillis() + offset;
    }

    @Override
    public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError error) {
        Log.w(TAG, "Listener was cancelled");
    }
});
OfflineActivity.java